HIV Test Overview

An HIV test is a laboratory test that checks whether a person has been infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV attacks the body’s immune system, especially CD4 cells (a type of white blood cell), gradually weakening the body’s ability to fight infections and certain cancers.

Early detection is critical. With modern antiretroviral therapy (ART), people diagnosed with HIV can live long, healthy, and productive lives. Testing also helps prevent further transmission by ensuring timely treatment and counseling.

Why Is the Test Prescribed?

Doctors may recommend an HIV test in the following situations:

• Routine health check-ups for individuals who are sexually active.
• After possible exposure due to unprotected sex, sharing needles, or accidental occupational exposure.
• During pregnancy, as timely treatment can significantly reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission.
• Before blood donation, surgeries, or certain medical procedures.
• Monitoring disease progression and treatment response in individuals already diagnosed with HIV.

Types of HIV Tests

Different types of HIV tests are available, each with varying sensitivity:

• Antibody Test – Detects HIV antibodies produced by the immune system. These usually appear within 3–12 weeks of infection.
• Antigen/Antibody Combination Test (4th Generation Test) – Detects both antibodies and p24 antigen, making it possible to diagnose infection as early as 2–6 weeks after exposure.
• Nucleic Acid Test (NAT) – Identifies HIV’s genetic material (RNA). It is highly sensitive and can detect infection within 10–33 days, but is usually recommended only for high-risk exposures or inconclusive results.

Doctors choose the appropriate test based on timing of exposure, patient history, and clinical need.

Procedure and Prerequisites

The HIV test is safe, quick, and straightforward:

• A small blood sample is taken from a vein in the arm.
• No fasting or special preparation is required.
• The test itself takes only a few minutes.
• Results are usually available within one to two days, depending on the type of test used.

Confidentiality is strictly maintained, and many centers also provide pre-test and post-test counseling to help patients understand their results and next steps.